path finding - Pathfinding for fleeing

As you know there are plenty of solutions when you wand to find the best path in a 2-dimensional environment which leads from point A to point B.

But how do I calculate a path when an object is at point A, and wants to get away from point B, as fast and far as possible?

A bit of background information: My game uses a 2d environment which isn't tile-based but has floating point accuracy. The movement is vector-based. The pathfinding is done by partitioning the game world into rectangles which are walkable or non-walkable and building a graph out of their corners. I already have pathfinding between points working by using Dijkstras algorithm. The use-case for the fleeing algorithm is that in certain situations, actors in my game should perceive another actor as a danger and flee from it.

The trivial solution would be to just move the actor in a vector in the direction which is opposite from the threat until a "safe" distance was reached or the actor reaches a wall where it then covers in fear.

The problem with this approach is that actors will be blocked by small obstacles they could easily get around. As long as moving along the wall wouldn't bring them closer to the threat they could do that, but it would look smarter when they would avoid obstacles in the first place:

Another problem I see is with dead ends in the map geometry. In some situations a being must choose between a path which gets it faster away now but ends in a dead end where it would be trapped, or another path which would mean that it wouldn't get that far away from the danger at first (or even a bit closer) but on the other hand would have a much greater long-term reward in that it would eventually get them much further away. So the short-term reward of getting away fast must be somehow valued against the long-term reward of getting away far.

There is also another rating problem for situations where an actor should accept to move closer to a minor threat to get away from a much larger threat. But completely ignoring all minor threats would be foolish, too (that's why the actor in this graphic goes out of its way to avoid the minor threat in the upper right area):

Are there any standard solutions for this problem?

Answer

This might not be the best solution, but it worked for me to create a fleeing AI for this game.

Step 1. Convert your Dijkstra's algorithm to A*. This should be simple by just adding a heuristic, which measures the minimum distance left to the target. This heuristic is added to the distance traveled so far when scoring a node. You should make this change anyway, as it will boost your path finder significantly.

Step 2. Create a variation of the heuristic, which instead of estimating the distance to the target it measures the distance from the danger(s) and negates this value. This will never reach a target (as there is none), so you need to terminate the search at some point, perhaps after specific number of iterations, after specific distance is reached or when all possible routes are handled. This solution effectively creates a path finder that finds the optimal escaping route with the given limitation.